In this chapter, you will learn about Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Neil Bohr’s theory assumes an electron as a material particle of small mass revolving round…

In this chapter, we will learn about the dual nature of particles: de Broglie equation or relationship. In 1905, Albert Einstein had suggested that the…

Heinrich Hertz in 1887 discovered that when a beam of light of suitable high frequency strikes on a clean metal plate (such as cesium) in…

In this chapter, we will explore Bohr’s atomic model and its postulate. We will also see the derivation of radius of Bohr’s orbit, velocity of…

The hydrogen spectrum refers to the spectrum of light emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms. It is an example of the line emission spectrum or…

A spectrum is the impression or pattern formed on a screen when electromagnetic radiation of particular wavelengths is analyzed and dispersed using a prism or…

Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of all the electromagnetic radiations or waves in the increasing order of their wavelengths or decreasing order of their frequencies.…

In this chapter, we will understand the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation with its definition, characteristics, and examples. We know that light is an important…

When the atoms of different elements have the same mass number but different atomic number, then they are called isobars in chemistry. As the mass…