In the field of organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are like the “personality traits” of molecules. Just as the behavior of a person is influenced by their characteristics, the chemical behavior of organic molecules is…
The substances which are obtained directly or indirectly from living organisms such as plants and animals are called organic compounds. These compounds are essential for the existence and maintenance of life on earth. They include complex molecules like DNA (deoxyribonucleic…
In this article, we will learn about organic chemistry. We know that minerals, plants, and animals are the three major sources of naturally occurring substances. Around the year 1780, chemists mainly divided these compounds into two classes based on their…
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity, commonly known as Hund’s Rule, deals with the filling of electrons into orbitals belonging to the same subshell or orbitals of equal energy, known as degenerate orbitals. This rule was proposed by a German physicist,…
Welcome to the fascinating world of Chemistry for class 11! Chemistry is a branch of physical science that which deals with the study of composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. In Class 11, students are introduced to the fundamental…
In this chapter, we will learn about Pauli Exclusion Principle. You have studied in the quantum mechanical model of atom, the state of each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: An Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Ernst…
In this chapter, we will learn about the Aufbau principle. Filling of electrons into the orbitals of different atom take place according to Aufbau principle, which is based on the Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, and the relative energies of…
In this chapter, we will learn about shapes of orbitals. We know that an atomic orbital is the three-dimensional region or area in space around the nucleus in which the tendency of finding an electron is maximum. The square of…
In this chapter, we will learn about quantum numbers. As you know that there are a large number of persons in the world. If you have to search a particular person in this world, at least four things are needed:…
Atomic orbital is the three-dimensional region or space around the nucleus of atom, where the probability of finding an electron is maximum (90 – 95%). In other words, an atomic orbital represents the region in the space where an electron…
