In the study of organic chemistry, isomerism is one of the most important characteristics of organic compounds. The term isomerism comes from the Greek words isos, meaning “equal,” and meros, meaning “parts.” We can define isomerism as: Two or more…
In order to simplify and systematize the study of organic chemistry, all the organic compounds have been further classified into various families or groups based on their similar structures and chemical behavior. Each of these families or groups is known…
In the field of organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are like the “personality traits” of molecules. Just as the behavior of a person is influenced by their characteristics, the chemical behavior of organic molecules is…
The substances which are obtained directly or indirectly from living organisms such as plants and animals are called organic compounds. These compounds are essential for the existence and maintenance of life on earth. They include complex molecules like DNA (deoxyribonucleic…
In this article, we will learn about organic chemistry. We know that minerals, plants, and animals are the three major sources of naturally occurring substances. Around the year 1780, chemists mainly divided these compounds into two classes based on their…
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity, commonly known as Hund’s Rule, deals with the filling of electrons into orbitals belonging to the same subshell or orbitals of equal energy, known as degenerate orbitals. This rule was proposed by a German physicist,…
Welcome to the fascinating world of Chemistry for class 11! Chemistry is a branch of physical science that which deals with the study of composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. In Class 11, students are introduced to the fundamental…
In this chapter, we will learn about Pauli Exclusion Principle. You have studied in the quantum mechanical model of atom, the state of each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: An Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Ernst…
In this chapter, we will learn about the Aufbau principle. Filling of electrons into the orbitals of different atom take place according to Aufbau principle, which is based on the Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, and the relative energies of…
In this chapter, we will learn about shapes of orbitals. We know that an atomic orbital is the three-dimensional region or area in space around the nucleus in which the tendency of finding an electron is maximum. The square of…
