In this chapter, you will understand Thomson’s atomic model, also known as plum pudding model of atom and its drawbacks or limitations. After the discovery of sub-atomic particles, such as electron and proton, the scientists were faced several major challenges:…
In this chapter, we will explore the discovery of proton. As we know, atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Among these, protons play a critical role in defining…
In this chapter, we will understand what canal rays are, along with their discovery and properties. Canal rays, also known as anode rays, are streams of positively charged particles or ions that are created in a discharge tube when a…
In this chapter, we will understand the what is proton as well as its mass and charge. We know that an atom is electrically neutral. Before going to understand this topic, we will understand what is a proton. What is…
In 1897, the experiment of J. J. Thomson precisely determined the charge to mass (e/m) ratio for an electron. In 1909, Robert A Millikan conducted an experiment known as “oil-drop experiment” to determine the charge (e) on an electron. He…
The charge to mass ratio of an electron, often denoted as (e/me), is a fundamental physical constant that has significant implications for theories of an atom. In 1897, the British physicist Joseph John Thomson measured the electrical charge (e) to…
In this chapter, we will understand the groundbreaking discovery of electron, which is the first fundamental subatomic particle. In 1803, an English Chemist, Dalton proposed the first scientific atomic theory, known as Dalton’s atomic theory according to which all matter…
Atomic structure is a fundamental concept within physical chemistry that deals with the study of the structure of an atom. Basically, the atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom, which consists of a nucleus at its center and…
According to the law of conservation of mass (or the law of conservation of matter), matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction or change. It means the total mass of products is equal to the total mass…
When dealing with solutions, understanding the concentration of a solution is important. The term “concentration” refers to the amount of solute dissolved in one unit of solvent or solution. The concentration of solution is the amount of solute present in…