In this chapter, we will learn about the dual nature of particles: de Broglie equation or relationship. In 1905, Albert Einstein had suggested that the light has dual character, that is, sometimes it can behave as a wave as well…
Heinrich Hertz in 1887 discovered that when a beam of light of suitable high frequency strikes on a clean metal plate (such as cesium) in vacuum, electrons are ejected (or emitted) from the surface of the metal plate. This phenomenon…
In this chapter, you will learn about the Planck’s quantum theory. Before going to learn about this theory, we will understand some few things. The wave nature of electromagnetic radiation could successfully explain some of the experimental phenomenon such as…
In this chapter, we will understand the drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model in detail. Niels Bohr’s atomic model or theory successfully explained in a very systematic way the spectra of hydrogen atom and hydrogen like ions such as He+, Li2+,…
In this chapter, we will explore Bohr’s atomic model and its postulate. We will also see the derivation of radius of Bohr’s orbit, velocity of an electron, and energy of an electron in each orbit. Rutherford’s nuclear model of the…
The hydrogen spectrum refers to the spectrum of light emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms. It is an example of the line emission spectrum or atomic emission spectrum. When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas contained in a…
A spectrum is the impression or pattern formed on a screen when electromagnetic radiation of particular wavelengths is analyzed and dispersed using a prism or diffraction grating. In simple words, a series of coloured bands (wavelengths) produced when light is…
Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of all the electromagnetic radiations or waves in the increasing order of their wavelengths or decreasing order of their frequencies. In simple words, the electromagnetic spectrum describes the range of many electromagnetic radiations, which differ…
In this chapter, we will understand the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation with its definition, characteristics, and examples. We know that light is an important form of energy. Isaac Newton proposed the corpuscular theory of light, which regarded the light…
The atoms of different elements containing the same number of neutrons, but different atomic number (or different number of protons and electrons) are called isotones. In simple words, isotones are atoms or nuclei of different elements that contains an identical…
