When the atoms of different elements have the same mass number but different atomic number, then they are called isobars in chemistry. As the mass number is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present inside…
All the atoms of a particular chemical element have the same number of protons in their nuclei, but the number of neutrons may be different. Such atoms have the same atomic number, but mass numbers are different because of a…
In this chapter, we will understand what is mass number and how to find it with the help of solved examples. You have studied that an atom of an element consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The nucleus of an…
The number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of an element is called atomic number of an element. Generally, it is represented by the symbol “Z”. The concept of the atomic number was first introduced by the…
In this chapter, we will understand the discovery of neutron discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. Up to 1932, it was considered that an atom is composed of only electrons and protons. Since electrons have negligible mass, scientists considered that…
On the basis of the observations and conclusions of alpha particles scattering experiment, Rutherford proposed his nuclear model of atom in 1912. This atomic model is based on alpha particles scattering experiment. It is also called planetary model of atom.…
In this chapter, we will understand Rutherford’s scattering experiment and its observations and conclusions. In order to understand the arrangement of charged particles like electrons and protons in an atom, the British scientist, Ernest Rutherford and his co-workers in 1911…
In this chapter, you will understand Thomson’s atomic model, also known as plum pudding model of atom and its drawbacks or limitations. After the discovery of sub-atomic particles, such as electron and proton, the scientists were faced several major challenges:…
In this chapter, we will explore the discovery of proton. As we know, atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Among these, protons play a critical role in defining…
In this chapter, we will understand what canal rays are, along with their discovery and properties. Canal rays, also known as anode rays, are streams of positively charged particles or ions that are created in a discharge tube when a…
